A&P and Greasy Lake

Oily Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle and A&P by John Updike are the two anecdotes about transitioning. Over the ages there have been numerous changes. In these two short-stories it demonstrates that, in spite of the fact that it happens in various ages, transitioning is as yet an opportunity to demonstrate one’s self. A&P is around a nineteen-year-old kid that works at a nearby market. The fundamental character, Sammy, faces his administrator trying to safeguard and ideally dazzle the young ladies he was pulled in to, who were not â€Å"decently dressed. Oily Lake then again is told from the narrator’s perspective, around a few nineteen years of age young men who pull a trick on a â€Å"bad† character and experience what terrible characters can do. For the storyteller and Sammy they understand their absence of infantility after their contentions with others in the narratives. In Sammy’s case, â€Å"enraged that Lengel has embarrassed the girls†, he leaves his place of employment attempting to guard and intrigue the young ladies. The young ladies simply disregard Sammy and leave the store after the entirety of the contending had faded away. Sammy is then left without anyone else, without a vocation and without the young ladies. At the point when he glances back at the store from outside, â€Å"[his] stomach sort of fell as [he] felt how hard the world would have been to [him] in the future. † Obviously, he is feeling a feeling of disappointment when Sammy makes reference to the hardship in his life after he leaves his place of employment at the market. The storyteller in Greasy Lake additionally learns an exercise for the story. He discovers that one’s appearance doesn't speak to one’s genuine self. Three of the â€Å"dangerous characters†, including the storyteller and his companions, â€Å"drive out to filth and decline coagulated Greasy Lake in look for activity. †

Individualized Education Program Research Proposal

Individualized Education Program - Research Proposal Example During my study hall perception, I didn't let Mr. John realize that I am watching him. During classes he is stiff-necked and exceptionally loquacious. During their English exercise, the educator had allowed them 15 minutes to peruse a short story. In the wake of perusing the story, the educator requested that the understudies answer the examination addresses found toward the finish of the story. His cohorts addressed the inquiry all alone, however Mr. John didn't start responding to the inquiry until he was guided by the educator. During the oral support, he was called to two inquiries: one which the appropriate response is exceptionally self-evident, while different requirements thinking. He had the option to address the simple inquiry, yet just scratch his head on the subsequent inquiry. During their math exercise, he was approached to take care of a worded issue. He couldn't find the given figures that are required to tackle the issue. At the point when the instructor had given hi m the given figure and the necessary activity to take care of the issue, he at that point comprehend the procedure and had addressed the issue effectively. In view of that perception, Mr. John thought that it was difficult to distinguish key thoughts that are suggested in what he is perusing. During their Science exercise, their subject was about natural pecking order. He was asked by his instructor to draw the outline of the natural way of life on the board. He at that point draw the chart promptly and I was flabbergasted by his aesthetic aptitudes. When asked of what subjects he detest, he answered â€Å"I abhor math issues, and I likewise detest perusing stories since it is boring.†... The motivation behind why his mom attempted to prematurely end him is on the grounds that she isn't prepared to get pregnant from the outset. Both of his folks were new alumni at that point and have no activity by any stretch of the imagination, yet the fetus removal fizzled. All consideration was given to him when he was conceived until he grew up. He was brought up as a ruined youngster, furnished with all that he needs. They had recently found his character issue when he previously went to class, and he generally get lower grade until this time. The table underneath shows Mr. John's disposition at locally situated on the meeting I led with his folks. At Home Battled with his more youthful sibling during recess. He would prefer not to be hindered in what he is doing. The greater part of his time is devoured on watching his preferred animation appears. He effectively get exhausted, he abhors going to chapel and going to social gatherings with his folks. He frequently battles with his neighbor companions since he wouldn't like to be under shadowed. He gets exhausted examining his notes and doing assignments. More often than not he is guided by her mom in doing home works. He has poor hunger on solid nourishments, for example, vegetables. 9. Work test examination: List at any rate six general examples that you would need to help your outline and suggestions 10. Study hall perceptions: List at any rate four general thoughts of what you would 'see' that would bolster your rundown and suggestions During my study hall perception, I didn't let Mr. John realize that I am watching him. During classes he is adamant and chatty. During their English exercise, the educator had allowed them 15 minutes to peruse a short story. Subsequent to perusing the story, the instructor requested that the understudies answer the examination addresses found toward the finish of the story. His schoolmates responded to the inquiry on their

Why are SAT Scores Important

SAT Scores Have Importantance Imagine two students. One, whom we’ll call Harold, goes to an elite prep academy on the East Coast. His days are filled with endless studying since he is enrolled in advanced classes (Differential Calculus, Astrophysics, and Shakespeare) and the competition is intense. This year, despite all those 3 a.m. study sessions, he was able to only muster a 3.3 GPA. The other student, Spencer, is enrolled in a 60-student school in a small town in America. He has always been top of the class and has had plenty of time for engaging extracurricular activities: captain of the baseball team, active in speech and debate, and a ferocious downhill skier come winter. Who would you choose? If you were the admissions officer at a competitive, whom would you pick? Harold or Spencer? Many of us see the phrase â€Å"top of the class† in Spencer’s quick bio and automatically choose him. He’s also a well-rounded and accomplished guy, compared to Harold, who seems to study far too much for his own good (psst! And he only got a 3.3). But let’s see how our perception changes, when I add the following nugget of information: Harold SAT score: 1580 out of 1600 Spencer SAT score: 1120 out of 1600 Now, all of a sudden, Harold seems like a brainiac, whereas Spencer seems far more average. But wait, you protest! Why should we even have the SAT in the first place? Can’t we get all the information we need to know by just looking at GPA and the other information? Well, that’s the thing. The exercise above shows that we can’t always rely on GPA, since it differs from school to school, and from region to region. The SAT is important because it gives us a score that applies to everybody. It allows us, in a sense, to compare the apple of an elite public school to the orange of a small town rural school. Now I’m not implying that the admissions doesn’t already take into account such factors as the school you go to—especially if it is an elite one—or the classes you take (it does), but it is still difficult to quantify just what effect these things have. For instance, how would the following piece of information color your perception of the two candidates: Harold SAT score: 1310 out of 1600 Spencer SAT score: 1300 out of 1600 It seems that an expensive private school education doesn’t always get you a stellar SAT score. Whereas, a rural, small school education doesn’t always preclude a competitive SAT score. The importance of the SAT in a nutshell Simply put, an SAT score is a useful piece of information. It should not be the only piece of information—and it never is, even at those schools that weigh the most. But it is an important data point, that very few schools choose to ignore. So however much you might rail against the test, or however many articles you read that decry the SAT as unfair, it still serves a useful purpose—to compare students, whether they be from very different walks of life or from the same small town rural school.

Global Low-Cost Airline Market To 2018 - 802 Words

The report provides detailed market analysis, information and insights, including: Historic and forecast revenue of global low-cost airlines market covering 40 countries. Detailed regionwise (Americas, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East Africa) analysis of low-cost airlines key performance indicators such as the number of seats available and seats sold, load factor, average revenue per passenger, total revenues, revenue generating passenger kilometers and passenger kilometers available for the review (2009-2013) and forecast (2014-2018) periods. Brief analysis of global low-cost airlines market and the present scenario. Detailed analysis of the markets trends in key low-cost airlines’ markets. To Read Complete Report with Toc:†¦show more content†¦Consequently, low-cost carriers (LCCs) recorded growth during the review period. The growing popularity of LCCs has led many full-service airlines to launch subsidiaries offering flight options with limited services. For example, China Eastern Airlines announced the launch of China United Airlines in July 2014 and in July 2013, Air Canada launched its LCC, Air Canada Rogue. The North American airline market recorded slow growth during the review period (2009−2013) in comparison to the developing Asia-Pacific and Latin American markets. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the region’s air traffic increased at rate of 1.3% in 2012 and 2.1% in 2013. Growth is expected to continue at a rate of 2.7% in 2014. The IATA expects the profit of airlines in North America to increase from US$7.0 billion in 2013 to US$9.2 billion in 2014. Boeing’s Current Market Outlook 2014 report stated that North America holds a 27% share and Latin America held a 33% share of the total seat capacity of LCCs in 2013. One of the key reasons for high growth rate of LCCs in the Asia-Pacific region is the emergence of a rapidly expanding middle-class population and greater levels of disposable income. Another factor is the establishment of LCC subsidiaries by full-service airlines. During theShow MoreRelatedThe Southwest Airlines By Herb Kelleher And Rollin King And Adopted Its Current Name1744 Words   |  7 PagesThe Southwest Airlines was established in 1967 by Herb Kelleher and Rollin King and adopted its current name in 1971. The airline company is a best known for its lowest prices in the airline industry. To better understand the strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats of the company if through the S.W.O. T. analysis. The strengths and weaknesses are internal factors while opportunities and threats are external factors. 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The company’s philosophy is â€Å"just because you pay less for a flight, doesn’t mean you should get less.† WestJet has been growing rapidly since 1996, however, they believe in growing responsibly by being cautious of their environmental and community impact (â€Å"About us†, n.d.). As WestJet has a strong presence locally, our analysis will mainlyRead MoreImpact Of The Aviation Industry On The Asian Pacific Markets2204 Words   |  9 Pagesembracing the low-cost carrier (LCC) operations in their countries. The introduction of LCC in the aviation industry, as well as the formulation of joint ventures among Asian countries has affected the economic growth. This growth has had impacts on the overall economy of the Asian countries. This paper analyses economic growth in Asian countries, focusing on LCC’s contribution toward s the aviation industry. In Asia, LCCs have led to increased growth in the aviation industry. 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In recent years, Europe set China as a new partner. European aviation is trying to expand its international market through increasing new cooperation. In recentRead MoreQantas Airways Limited Swot Analysis2860 Words   |  12 PagesBackground of Qantas Qantas limited airways is an Australian airline group that engages in the business of international and domestic air transportation services and the provision of freight services using two main complementary airline brands namely Jetstar and Qantas (Qantas Airways Limited SWOT Analysis, 2014). The Qantas group was established in 1920, and has since grown to become Australia s largest domestic and international airline. The group primarily operates in Australia, New Zealand andRead MoreThe Delivery Service For The United States2145 Words   |  9 Pagesdeliver standard packets as well. Amazon’s shipping segment has a strategic position of low cost and a niche market, which aligns perfectly with what Flex drivers offer the company. 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And Vietnam Airlines is a largest aviation brand name inRead MoreThe Pillars Of Analytics Competition1989 Words   |  8 Pageswe know when our inventories are running low, and when they need to restocked. Most importantly, analytics has allowed us to detect problems at an earlier stage before causes the company financial challenges For example, engine, tire and computer issues. Another type of advancement offered by our company is creation of our app â€Å"Streamline†. The creation of this app was the by demand of our customers, which is much easier to navigate th an traditional airline websites. All these advantages have provided

The Internet and Its Impacts on the Youth’s Lives

The Internet and its impacts on the youth’s lives The Internet has emerged as the greatest breakthrough in information technology. Its borderless connection among people and organizations all over the world makes it unarguably indispensable in the modern world. The youth are the most remarkable beneficiaries of the Internet because they were born in the technology-based world and have continuously learned to adapt their everyday lives to it; however, they are strongly influenced by the online environment as their lives are getting more and more dependent on the Internet. Although the Internet is regarded as an essential and efficient medium of communication and socialization, excessive Internet use adversely affects young adults’ social†¦show more content†¦Some studies showed that such a concern is not unfounded† (Shim 1-2). In the past, people used to think of the Internet as an alternative way to communicate with one another when they did not have a chance to meet up, but nowadays young adults often prefer t alking to their friends and acquaintances online. According to CyberAtlas (2002), â€Å"56% of youths aged 18-19 polled preferred online communication to phone conversations† (qtd. in Shim 2). Many of the young today spend more time on their social networking websites and instant message applications than talking to their loved ones in real life. This fact creates a growing concern about family relationships under the influence of Internet excessive usage because â€Å"empirical evidence shows that the quality of communication between children and parents significantly affects family relationships† (Shim 2). Another aspect that young internet users should concern about is anti-social behaviors and feelings, which is resulted from the excessive amount of time they spend on the Internet. 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Nowadays, many governments are launc hing political websites and media to seek publicRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1738 Words   |  7 PagesChelsea Hills Meyer English 1C OL 17 September 2017 Social Media Disintegration Our youth’s lifestyle has been negatively impacted by social media, affecting their self-concept and self-worth. Social media has changed and warped our teen’s thinking to reflect something completely different about themselves and their relationships with others than what is actual reality. Our teen’s self-concept has negatively decreased over the years with the more prevalent introduction of social media. With socialRead MoreEffects Of Social Media Essay946 Words   |  4 Pagesgrown to be one of the largest and most influential outlet on the internet. Social media have both a positive and negative affect on how teens interact on day to day basis. Social networking has given teens an opportunity to communicate with others, express themselves, and establish a political stand on the government. However, some negative effects including establishing low self-esteem and bullying. Social networking has a huge impact on the global society. Social networking can affect the governmentRead MoreBrainwashing Youth : How Advertising Influences Children On Gender Images1496 Words   |  6 Pagesnot decided at birth but rather something that individual must decide for themselves. In Lynda Willer’s â€Å"Warning: Welcome to your World Baby, Gender message enclosed† Karyn warns that a person’s sex role is decided in the very first seconds of their lives from their family’s influence. A child’s identity as a male or a female is decided through their parents and many other factors, a major one being cultural expectations- ones we see in the form of advertisements. 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A study by the Kaiser Family FoundationRead MoreNegative Effects Of Technology On Youth1013 Words   |  5 Pagestoday can be described as children, teenagers, and young adults living in this day and age. Children and young adults alike have only lived in a world run by technology in their lifetime. Youth depends on technology because they do not know how to live without it. Modern technology includes cell phones, lap tops, television, and many other devices. Technology allows for use in many different settings and has countless uses. However, the negative attributes of t echnology completely outweigh its positive

George Washington Father of Our Country free essay sample

A general overview of George Washingtons life, before, during and after his presidency. This paper discusses George Washingtons childhood, his first jobs, and his involvement in the armed forces. The paper explains how he was unanimously voted into office, and his actions during his presidency. The writer explains why he is considered the greatest American of all time, and why he deserves the name Father of Our Country. The first US President, George Washington, was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, February 22, 1732. His father, a rich and wealthy plantation owner and iron factory owner, died when Washington was only 11, which is when he moved in with his half-brother Lawrence. His brother owned a plantation at Mount Vernon, and was one of the first people to come up with the idea of crop rotation(a way of planting crops that deals with changing your crops from cattle to grain every other season), and became wealthy and successful with that idea. We will write a custom essay sample on George Washington: Father of Our Country or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He also invented a type of fertilizer that he used on some of his potato plants which also proved ingenious. Another interesting fact about his farming techniques, was that he had a greenhouse on the edge of his home at Mount Vernon and was probably the first greenhouse ever, and the only one at that time.

Tutor assessor free essay sample

Demonstrate how to establish communication and language need, wishes and preferences of individual Communication is a two way process, effective communication requires individuals involved to be able to express their thoughts and messages in order to communicate with others.When dealing with children In my setting, I establish their communication need, wishes and preferences by speaking to the parent/careers to establishing the needs of the children, I also refer so the notes taken when they Joined my setting It Is difficult to communicate with very nouns children who have not yet developed their speech, I point and use exaggerated facial expressions, point to things and gestures.Babies cry to communicate and express themselves, they will cry to express discomfort, when hungry, hurt or In need of attention, It Is my Job as child-minder to Interpret what the baby Is trying communicate and express It Is much different when dealing with adults, you can speak to them directly and establi sh their needs and preferences, I can work out If someone cannot speak English, in this case, I ask them what language they speak or understand and try to facilitate by getting an interpreter if possible, I also use notes and simple language and words which are easier to understand in order to establish a communication avenue. We will write a custom essay sample on Tutor assessor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is also important to establish what formalities the client need some people like to be addressed by their last name, this should be respected. It is good establish if the client is comfortable in written communications Ref Children and young people workforce Early Learning Childcare By: Penny Tattoos Kate Beth Kathy Pullman Sue Griffin

How To Get People To (Actually) Read Your Content

How To Get People To (Actually) Read Your Content How do you make sure that people are actually reading your content? You may spend a lot of time making sure that your content is converting well and that your readers  are sharing it online, but is it actually being read?  How do you know? With all of the analytics and metrics at our disposal that tell us about  traffic, knowing if your content is being read is often a black hole for marketers. Thats a problem. Why You  Need To Make Sure That Your Content Is Being Read It can take a lot of time to produce great content, no matter how efficient your workflow is. As the old saying goes, time equals money, and it only makes sense to get as much out of your content as you can. After all, theres no ROI in  content that people arent  reading. Theres no ROI  on  content that  people arent  reading.  #ContentMarketingIn addition to driving traffic, content marketing is also about building your reputation as a thought leader in your field.  You need to establish yourself as someone your audience can trust for great advice and leadership. In order to make this happen,  you need to make sure that  you are writing highly-readable content. The other problem you may encounter is that content that is being created but not consumed is demoralizing. There is nothing more frustrating to a writer than content that doesnt seem to be going anywhere. Its up to you to make sure that doesnt happen. There are few things you need to consider about readable content. Consider How Visitors  Read Your Website In 2006, usability consultant Jakob Nielsen used eye tracking visualizations to observe how website visitors actually read your content. In short, his conclusion can be summarized as  F for  fast. His research found that: As readers, our eyes move incredibly fast across a  website. The pattern we use to view the page is not the typical left-to-right method that we learned in school. Rather, we typically read the page in a F-pattern that puts the most emphasis on the headline and the first few paragraphs of text. As readers scroll down the page, they tend to emphasize the left hand side of the page, skimming the remaining content rather than reading  it. Heatmaps from user eyetracking studies of three websites. The areas where users looked the most are colored red; the yellow areas indicate fewer views, followed by the least-viewed blue areas. Gray areas didnt attract any fixations. Jakob Nielsen Nielsens  results feel frustrating, but they are probably accurate. At , we  recently began testing how our own readers consumed our content using  a free heatmap tool from SumoMe. This simple plugin allowed us to create  heatmaps of our very own, using our actual readers as the sampling. This is what we learned about our own blog using heatmaps: Our readers are highly focused on our content because we have a very clean page. This is good. Our content followed the fairly typical F-pattern similar to Nielsons findings. As readers moved down the page, they tended to focus more on the left side of the content. On some posts, many readers didn’t make it past reading 20-30% of our content. Based on clicks, most sharing took place at the pages 35%  mark. Highlighted text, links, and headlines drew  plenty of  attention. Only 10-20% of readers actually make it to the bottom of the post. These finding line up with some of the most popular conclusions and findings regarding content. The longer your content is, the less likely that everyone  will read it.  That said, there are also many benefits of  long-form content so you need to find the right balance. You should also test this out for yourself. Consider Where They  Read Your Content How many people read your blog on their phone or tablet? I bet its more that you think. Research frequently shows that  consuming email,  searching the internet, and using social networks  are some of  the  most popular activities  done on a handheld  device. Many of these activities are resulting in click-throughs that are coming to your site on a mobile device. Do you like what they are finding? After a quick glance in our Google Analytics account, we found that 15% of our total traffic is coming from a mobile device. This is a significant amount of traffic. This means that you need to have a great mobile website or a  responsive website design  that automatically scales your website to work on any screen size. If you are using WordPress, this can be easily solved with a plugin like WPTouch or Automattic’s Jetpack plugin  which  offers a free mobile module that works quite well.   At , weve opted for the responsive design option, which gives our readers the  best experience possible on any device. This option also allows us to keep our lead collection initiates at the forefront as well. Another place that visitors may be  reading your content is from their  RSS reader or social application, such as Feedly. This is a good reason to make sure that your entire article is being included in your RSS feed. While sharing only a portion of your content may help you get a few extra clicks, it wont  make your content  any more  likely to be  read. People are reading your content in RSS readers like Feedly. Another place that your readers may be finding your content is their  email inbox. This is especially true if you rely on an email marketing program to distribute your content. I began thinking about this more when one of my coworkers recently shared how they handled email. They have broken it down so that they only check their email 3 times per day. Each time, they allow for 10-20 minutes, and they take action on all email, meaning that they either reply to it,   archive it, or create a t0-do item or task around the email content.  Ã‚  This method is efficient,  but it is also bad news for your content as it leaves little room for reading and enjoying useful  material. This leads to something that I call the context problem,  which are the reading problems that arise from the context in which your readers are consuming your content. Consider That Visitors  Aren’t Just Reading Your Content The really bad news about your content is that your readers have a lot more going on than just reading what you have to say. Whens the last time you simply sat quietly reading on your couch? Probably not nearly as often as youd like. In addition to reading your content, your visitors are  also  cooking dinner, riding the subway, checking their email, watching a movie, and emailing their mother-in-law  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ at the same time! How are you going to  compete with all of that? 1. Allow Each Sentence To Lead To The Next One of the most basic ways to keep your readers attention is to simply ensure that each sentence you write  compels  your readers to move on to the next. For example, the purpose of your headline is to get your readers to move onto the first sentence. The purpose of the second sentence is to get them to move on to the third. You get the idea. Keep your content compelling all the way through. 2. Follow  The Inverted Pyramid Model When You Write The inverted pyramid is a great tool for structuring your content in a way that readers will appreciate and consume. This is a method that newspaper journalists have been using for years. It works well because it puts the most pertinent information first, essentially embracing the idea that nearly 60% of your readers will never make it the end of the article. This method can also work well for your blog content. 3. Use Images To Make Your Concepts Simple Images are great way to break-up your content and spare your users from a sea of text. By using images to illustrate the concepts you are writing about, you also make them easier to understand and engage with. This type of content is consistent with Nielsens research and focus on scannable text. In many ways, this type of visual content is becoming more important than ever in content marketing. 4. Focus On Easily Scannable  Text In addition to images, you can  break up your content by creating text that is easy to scan and consume. Nielsens study offered several extremely useful tips on this: highlighted  keywords  (hypertext links serve as one form of highlighting; typeface variations and color are others) meaningful  sub-headings  (not clever ones) bulleted  lists one idea  per paragraph (users will skip over any additional ideas if they are not caught by the first few words in the paragraph) the  inverted pyramid  style, starting with the conclusion half the word count  (or less) than conventional writing In this chart, Nielsen gives us a great example of how different writing methods can be used to make text more readable. Source Jakob Nielson Warning: Youre Not Going To Read This, But You May Have Already Shared It We are now well past the 30% point of this post, which means that most of you are no longer reading this article. For those of you who are, heres another jaw-dropper for you to consider: recent research has shown  that there is no correlation between content that has been shared via social media and content that has been read.

Actief Leren, een definitie

Actief Leren, een definitie Inleiding? In dit document staat het actief leren in het reguliere onderwijs centraal. In hoofdstuk 1 wordt het begrip actief leren van Silberman (1996) gedefinieerd. In hoofdstuk 2 worden drie verschillende vormen en benaderingen van actief leren beschreven; het studiehuis, het nieuwe leren en ontwikkelingsgericht onderwijs. Daarnaast wordt de uitvoering in de praktijk kort geschets. In hoofdstuk 3 worden deze drie benaderingen met elkaar vergeleken, getoetst aan de definitie van actief leren van Sibberman (1996) en wordt een beeld geschetst hoe deze drie vormen worden toegepast in de praktijk. In hoofdstuk 4 vind u de conclusie. Wat is actief leren Silberman (1996) geeft een definitie van † actief leren†. Hij omschrijft dit begrip als volgt: Als er actief wordt geleerd doen leerlingen het werk, gebruiken ze hun hersens, lossen ze problemen op en passen ze toe wat ze leren. Daarnaast is actief leren ‘leuk’, ‘stimulerend’ en is de actieve leerli ng persoonlijk betrokken. Silberman hecht veel waarde aan ‘leren door doen’; studenten moeten zelf dingen ontdekken, voorbeelden bedenken, vragen stellen, discussià «ren, dingen proberen en hun leerresultaten in de gaten houden. Hoofdstuk 2. Drie vormen en benaderingen van actief leren Het studiehuis In het studiehuis gaat het om een nieuwe pedagogisch-didactische aanpak en een andere organisatie van het leerproces. Het gaat dan volgens het ministerie van Onderwijs om de volgende didactische kenmerken en kenmerken van het leerproces (Stuurgroep profiel tweede fase, 1994): De leerling in het studiehuis is een zelfstandige leerling. Zo’n leerling kan zelfstandig zijn leeractiviteiten uitvoeren, nieuwe informatie verbinden met bestaande kennis, zichzelf motiveren, kijken naar het leerresultaat en zijn eigen kennis evalueren. Het ‘leren door doen’ krijgt een centrale plaats in het studiehuis. Ook dat vraagt om een actieve leerling. Verder wordt ver wacht dat de leerling zijn leerproces in eigen hand neemt. De docent wordt meer een begeleider en regisseur van het leerproces en minder kennisoverbrenger. Belangrijk is dat hij bij de leerlingen zelfstandigheid stimuleert en hen motiveert. Ook moet de docent ervoor zorgen dat leerlingen vaardigheden aanleren. Daarnaast moet hij maatwerk leveren, door te varià «ren in werkvormen en opdrachten. Er wordt recht gedaan aan verschillen tussen leerlingen. Onder andere komt dat tot uiting in het beperken van het aantal klassieke lessen. Er zal minder sprake zijn van een groep leerlingen die op hetzelfde moment, op dezelfde manier, met dezelfde leerstof bezig is. Verder mag de leerling zijn eigen tempo bepalen en zelf zijn weg naar het eindtraject uitzetten. Het contact tussen docent en leerling wordt intensiever, zal zich meer op ‘ooghoogte’ afspelen en ook plezierig worden. Het klassieke onderwijssysteem wordt losgelaten. Er wordt nog wel kennis overgedragen, maar a ndere vaardigheden krijgen een belangrijke plaats. Het gaat dan om zaken als leren leren, leren communiceren en leren reflecteren. Variatie speelt een belangrijke rol in het studiehuis. Minder frontale lessen en meer werkvormen als samenwerkend leren, discussie, onderzoeken en zelfstudie. Ook kan er gevarieerd worden in groepsgrootte. Toetsing is onderdeel van het leerproces. Een toets dient niet alleen om een cijfer te bepalen, maar ook om vast te stellen waar de leerling in het leerproces zit, wat hij moet doen om het eindtraject te halen en welke begeleiding daarbij moet worden geboden. Nieuwe vormen van toetsen als praktische opdrachten, handelingsdelen en het profielwerkstuk worden ingevoerd. Deze toetsen zijn vooral bedoeld om vaardigheden te testen. Kennis- en inzichttoetsen blijven ook bestaan. In de praktijk

Reflective Portfolio 04014 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Reflective Portfolio 04014 - Essay Example adopting the sustainability models of working, organizations are able to focus upon providing long term values for stakeholders of present as well as the future (Baumgartner and Ebner, 2010). PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) is one of the most globally renowned financial services firms. Their sustainability strategies are known to be highly feasible. The framework the company follows in this respect is as follows: PwC’s sustainability strategies focus upon four important business areas. These are essentially; the marketplace, people, community and the environment. The sustainability strategies of PwC focused on two crucial tenets which are being the catalyst of change and to pursue the right activities (Dyllick and Hockerts, 2002). Starbucks and Ford are also companies which are popular globally for their feasible and logical sustainable practices. Corporate analysis in general reveals that sustainable strategies are a responsibility of not just a single firm. It is an aspect that must be given effect to by a number of organizations collectively. Sustainability strategies are related to meeting issues such as weather change and resource scarcity (LÃ ³pez, Garcia and Rodriguez, 2007). Being a broad phenomenon, such issues can only be met through collective efforts. Sustainability, in most firms as also in the case of Ford, is about balancing the needs of stakeholders and the environmen t, keeping in mind the needs of the future generations. In many companies such as in Nike, innovation is considered to be a useful tool for meeting sustainability related objectives (Salzmann, et al., 2005). During the seminar, a number of aspects relating to sustainability and the manner in which firms adopt different approaches and strategies for meeting sustainability needs were elaborately discussed. Through the discussion carried out, I could gain valuable insights regarding the subject matter of sustainability. On the basis of the discussions carried out, I came to the

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Research Methods - Essay Example Opposite relationships hold for net asset positions, which are denominated in an FC. As a result of the cash flow impact of transaction exposures and the requirements of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement no. 52, Foreign Currency Translation, to include foreign exchange transaction gains and losses in the determination of net income, most companies are hedging these exposures. In fact, a 1986 FASB research report, Foreign Exchange Risk Management under Statement 52, revealed that 84% of 162 company treasurers engaged in foreign trade regularly or selectively hedge foreign transaction exposures. The research of the problem of the foreign currency risk is important because the globalization of the world economy and the devaluation of the U.S. dollar have allowed more American companies to enter the export/import markets. Additionally, many managers who previously avoided these markets are finding that international transactions can make their companies more competitive in marketing products and procuring parts and/materials. As new companies are exposed to foreign exchange risk, managers will necessarily be concerned with the development of an effective hedging program. While the task of managing financial risks generally falls to the CFO or treasurer, it is often others in the accounting department who are asked to evaluate the bottom line impact of these risks. The proposed research paper will introduce several of the most widely practiced hedging policies and strategies that will add a new knowledge to the field of foreign exchange currency trading risk and management thr ough the research within a number of multinational companies that face the risk. Besides providing a real organizational case, the research focuses on the modern risk management strategies that include applying foreign exchange derivatives. Employing the sample of firms for the

Scarlett Letter :: essays research papers

Pearl and the Spice of Life Really good salsa has lots of zesty vegetables and spices to make it good. But what if the spiciness of the salsa was taken away? It would just be tomato sauce. Pearl is the spice of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. If her character was not present, the book would have a completely different flavor. In his essay entitled â€Å"The Genius of The Scarlet Letter,† Anthony Trollope states, â€Å"Pearl is miraculous,-speaking, acting, thinking like an elf,-and is therefore, I think, a drawback rather than an aid. The desolation of the woman, too, would have been more perfect without the child† (Trollope 243). Trollope’s point is well made, however the absence of Pearl would have made The Scarlet Letter an entirely different story. Without Pearl there would have been no proof of Hester’s adultery, and she might have become more depressed, even sinned more. However, if Pearl had been a more normal and obedient child, she would have been more well liked by readers. The most drastic change that would have been made in the book in the absence of Pearl would be that it would no longer have been called The Scarlet Letter. The reason for this being that without Pearl, there would have been no proof that Hester had committed adultery. Therefore, no one would have known and there would have been no punishment. Instead, Hester would have gone through the same guilt and internal battle as the minister, Reverend Dimmesdale. The reason that Dimmesdale is so tortured inside is because of the incredible feeling of guilt that he has because of having never taken blame or punishment for his sin. If Hester took no punishment, she would feel that same torture inside. But Pearl is present, so she is proof of Hester’s adultery. Hawthorne says it best when he states, â€Å"God, as a direct consequence of sin which man thus punished, had given her a lovely child† (82). Hester’s punishment was the consequence of having a child. Pearl is not only the proof of Hester’s adultery, she is also the thing that keeps Hester going. Hester may have fallen into a depression and eventually died, but Hester has to keep sewing, keep getting out of bed in the morning, and keep taking care of herself because she has someone else to take care of too. Hester’s feelings about Pearl are revealed when Hawthorne states, â€Å"But she named the infant ‘Pearl,’ as being of great price,-purchased with all she had,-her mother’s only treasure!† (82).

Land Cover And Climate Change In Minnesota Environmental Sciences Essay

Anthropogenic land usage alteration is an of import issue in planetary alteration surveies. Population growing has resulted in an of all time increasing demand for nutrient, which is in bend resulted in a world-wide enlargement and intensification of cropland and grazing land ( Turner et al. , 1990 ) . Most of the clip, this enlargement took topographic point at the cost of natural primary grassland and wood ( Goldewijk, 2001 ) . Changes in land screen have considerable impact on local and regional clime, including regional air temperature, hydrological cycling and biogeochemical cycling. Vegetation features like rooting deepness, canopy denseness, flora tallness and evaportranspiration rate ( stomata conductance ) can all impact the regional clime. Land screen alteration can modify the land surface reflective power, therefore change the energy balance of the Earth surface. Both leaf colour and canopy denseness contribute to albedo. If the homo induced cropland/pasture has higher reflective power, so the Earth surface will reflect more solar radiation and absorb less. The surface temperature of the Earth will be reduced, frailty versa. Cropland normally has higher evaportranspiration rate than natural grassland. Thus an country modified from natural grassland to cropland, for illustration, may increase the local H2O vaporization rate. The dirt will be drier due to higher evaportranspiration rate, but it is difficult to state if the precipitation will increase or diminish in this part harmonizing to increased H2O vaporization rate, because it is depending on the air circulation form of this part, excessively. The hydrological rhythm and the energy rhythm are non independent from each other. The stage alteration of H2O affect the energy rhythm through absorbing and let go ofing latent heat. Wind form may alter due to set down screen alteration. When a natural wood is cut down to turn harvests, for illustration, the surface raggedness will be mostly changed. Wind velocity within this part, as a consequence, will increase because of decreased shear emphasis & A ; Acirc ; at the surface. Change of land screen besides affects the green house emanation of the ecosystem to the ambiance.2. Evidences of Land Cover Change of Minnesota over the past 300 old ages2.1 Historical archiveIn 1837, land of Minnesota was purchased from the Sioux Indians around the St. Croix River. Lumbermans and husbandmans settled the first little towns of Minnesota, including St. Paul, St Anthony ( Minneapolis ) , and Stillwater. In late 1800s, wheat farms were started in southern Minnesota and Minneapolis became one of the universe & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s taking flour centres. In 1878, 68.98 % of tilled land in Minnesota devoted to wheat production, the high point for wheat husbandmans in Minnesota.2.2 Land SurveySurveyors puting out Minnesota ‘s public land study system in 1848-1907 recorded the size and species of the larger trees they used as markers ( bearing trees ) , every bit good as general descriptions of the physical geographics of the landscape they traversed. Although non a complete flora study, the General Land Office records provide much valuable item about how the province looked at the clip of European colony. Figure 1 describes land screen informations from the mid-1800s, as recorded at the clip of European colony. & A ; Acirc ; The southern and western parts of the province are natural prairie. Oak gaps and aspen-oak lands, in assorted sunglassess of brown, expanse from the Northwest to the sou'-east. The northern wood in northeast portion of the province is a rag carpet of leafy vegetables, blues, violet-pinks, and greies. mnorveg.gif Figure 1 Minnesota Early Settlement Vegetation. Before Settlement, the West lodger and southwest portion of Minnesota is largely covered by prairie. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mngeo.state.mn.us/chouse/land_use_historic.html & A ; Acirc ; This map is besides known as the Marschner map. It outlines merely how much of the province was one time wet prairie, oak gaps, Big Woods, assorted hardwood, or any of a twelve other vegetive types that have been absolutely changed by 19th- and 20th-century human habitation.2.3 Proxy informationsFossil pollen informations are chiefly a placeholder for works copiousnesss and community composing. Pollen records have been used to gauge the flora alterations over North America ( Grimm, 2001 ; Williams et al. , 2007 ; Wright et al. , 2004 ) ; unluckily, pollen informations have been of small usage peculiarly for the appraisal of human impacts on flora and land screen ( Anderson et al. , 2006 ; Gaillard et al. , 2008 ) . Alternatively, Goldewijk 2001 used human population denseness as a proxy index to gauge the planetary cropland distribution and generated a planetary land screen alteration map during last 300 twelvemonth ( Figure 2 ) . past 300 years.png Figure 2 Global Land screen alteration during last 300 old ages adapted from ( Goldewijk, 2001 ) .If expression at Upper Midwest of United States, we can see that the biggest alteration happened between 1800 and 1900, which is precisely the clip of European Settlement.2.4 Modern land screen in Minnesota and decision of Land usage alterationThe land screen of Minnesota in 2000 is shown in Figure 3. Up to 44 % of the province is taken up by agricultural land. Most of the prairie in Figure 1 has been changed into harvest land. We can seldom see original native prairie now in this province. MN2000.png Figure 3 Land Cover of Minnesota in 2000. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //lakesandland.umn.edu/browse.html Based on the historical archive, land study and placeholder informations, we can reason that the land screen of Minnesota experienced a monolithic alteration from native prairie to cropland largely in the West lodger and southwest portion of the province. This is largely due to anthropogenetic alteration during early colony.3. Evidences of Climate Change of Minnesota over past 300 old ages3.1 Historical ArchiveIn 1894, a monolithic wood fire caused by distinct logging dust encompasses Hinckley, MN. In 1899, Minnesota ‘s timber industry reaches its extremum. In 1900, Virginia, Minnesota destroyed by fire once more. In 1918, Cloquet and Moose Lake, Minnesota are destroyed by fire. From historical archive, we can deduce that in early 1900s, Minnesota was dry. Fire frequence additions if the environing air is drier. If this premise is right, so we can inquire the inquiry: Is land screen change the cause of this waterlessness in early 1900 in Minnesota?3.2 Instrumental informationsInstrumental information in this part goes back to 1890. Although there is no clime informations before colony, we can still acquire an thought how the clime looks like after the colony. For air temperature, we can see that the fluctuation of province broad one-year mean temperature has increased from 40.5oC to around 42oC during the last 120 old ages. The inter-annual fluctuation is about 0.4oC. Although the tendency is acquiring heater, the hottest twelvemonth did non demo up late but was 1932, around 0.5oC above normal. instrumental temperature.png Figure Minnesota province averaged one-year temperature. Red line is one-year temperature. Solid green line is mean over the full period. Dashed green line is the standard divergence. The bluish stars are the running means. This information is from Minnesota province climatology office-DNR Division of Ecological and Water Resources, University of Minnesota. Link: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/divplot1_form.pl? 2106 instrumental precipitation.png Figure 5 Instrumental informations of Minnesota one-year precipitation. Symbols are the same as in Figure 4. Precipitation dropped dramatically in the period of 1895 to 1935. After that precipitation bit by bit increased to a normal value. The bead of precipitation in late 1800s and early 1900s may hold something to make with the land screen alteration. However, we need more grounds to turn out that. We need the clime record before colony to compare with the instrumental information to see if this tendency from 1895 to 1935 is caused by land screen alteration or clime fluctuation. In order to reply the inquiry how land screen alteration has an impact on the regional clime in Minnesota, we need to happen alternate tools and proxy informations.4. Possible placeholder informations and tool that could be used in this survey4.1 Stable C isotope of tree rings The inter-annual waterlessness wetness differences and the microclimate displacement during a turning season have impacts on the tree ring stable isotope signature. There are two stable isotopes for C: 12C and 13C. Due to their different neutron Numberss, they have different weight. When workss carry oning photosynthesis, it is easier for them to repair the lighter carbon- 12C, and left more and more 13C in the air. This is called favoritism consequence. This favoritism consequence gives the works a more negative isotope signature: . The isotope signature is calculated as: . Here means the sample we are examine ( e.g. tree pealing fragment ) . is a invariable, which is a planetary criterion that all of the isotope ratios over the universe can compare to. When the environing air becomes drier, the works pore will be smaller to forestall H2O loss. This besides prevents CO2 from come ining the works leaves. Under this circumstance, the works will cut down its favoritism consequence, which makes itself more positive ( Figure 6, Leavitt, 2007 ) . isotope.png Figure 6 The relationship between C isotope ratio and regional waterlessness 4.2 Using Model to imitate how land screen alteration will impact regional clime Numeral surveies have been focused on how land screen alteration will modify local to regional clime. Among other surveies, Bonan 1997 utilizing LSM1.0 coupled with an atmospheric general circulation theoretical account to imitate effects of land usage alteration on the clime of United States. He considered non merely the grassland to cropland transition in cardinal North America, but besides deforestation and harvest planting in the Eastern United States. What he has found, nevertheless, is a small spot different from our hypothesis: dampening of the near-surface ambiance by 0.5 to 1.5 g kg1 over much of the United States in spring and summer. These alterations in surface temperature and wet extend good into the ambiance, up to 500 megabit, and impact the boundary bed and atmospheric circulation.DrumheadTo reason, land usage alteration affects on regional clime from different facets. In order to understand how land usage alteration in Minnesota has modified the regional clime, more proxy information is needed to widen the instrumental information thirster. Besides, theoretical accounts can be used to prove our apprehension of the mechanism, besides give us opportunity to retrace the old clime.

Long Term Care Insurance Essay - 837 Words

Today, world’s population is aging at a very fast pace and United States is no exception to this demographic change. According to the U.S Census Bureau, senior citizens will be accounted for 21% of the American population in 2050 (Older Americans, 2012). Although living longer lives may not seem like a negative sign, living longer does not necessarily mean living healthier. Older adults of today are in need of long-term and health care services more than any generation before them (Older Americans, 2012). Because of the growing need for senior care, millions of families are facing critical decisions on how to provide care for their parents. In addition, declining birthrates may cause people to have less familial care and support as they†¦show more content†¦Government funded long term care insurance program can provide care services such as; bathing, dressing, eating, transferring, toileting, and continence for seniors. It also can help senior citizens to protect thei r financial assets as well as providing financial and emotional support for the family members. In addition, long term insurance program would ensure older adults to receive quality care, and they would have the freedom to decide where and when to get the care services. The long term care insurance program can be designed as a â€Å"pay-as-you-go system† similar to the one that is established by Japan and financed by a combination of both contributions and general tax revenues (Jones, 2009). A payment system which can be a combination of payroll taxes and beneficiary premiums can be used to finance the program. All workers would be paying a contribution into the program divided equally between employers and employees on top of their health insurance payroll tax (Jones, 2009). By mandating the long term care program to all workers, financial feasibility of the system can be made sustainable. In addition, those who are 50 and older would pay an income based monthly premium, which can help to cover a percentage of the program’s cost. The payroll contribution and the premium finance together significant percentage of the program’s costs would be covered (Campbell Ikegami, 2000). In addition, users of long term careShow MoreRelated Health Insurance, Long Term Care Insurance919 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Insurance #3 Unlike traditional health insurance, long-term care insurance is designed to cover long-term services and supports, including personal and custodial care in home, community organizations, or other facilities. Policyholders can select range of care options and benefits depending on their needs. In most policies, benefits are payable based on insured’s inability to perform two or three specific ADLs, such as eating, dressing, bathing, continence, toileting and transferring. TheRead MoreTaking a Look at Long-Term Care Insurance2106 Words   |  8 Pagespeople younger than 50, long-term care insurance seems like something to worry about for the future. Some young adults feel as though long term care insurance may not be a topic to discuss at their age because they are young and healthy. However, young adults should be thinking about long term care as early as possible. As we can see in healthcare news and headlines, long-term care cost is rising and factors can include your age, medical conditions, and overall need for care. According to, Rich ArzagaRead MorePublic Long Term Care Insurance Of Germany, Japan, And The United States1427 Words   |  6 Pagesprovided an analysis of the healthcare systems in Germany, Japan, and the United States in their article ‘Lessons From Public Long-Term Care Insurance in Germany and Japan’ (Campbell, Ikegami, Gibson, 2009). Germany and Japan reportedly experienced similar growth with their aging populations and took proactive measures to introduce comprehensive long-term healthcare insurance due to inadequacies in funding within their standard universal healthcare system programs (Campbell, Ikegami, Gibson, 2009)Read MoreThe Importance Of Strict Eligibility Requirements With Long Term Healthcare1447 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Strict Eligibility Requirements with Long-Term Healthcare Eligibility for long-term care coverage is based on an objective process in Japan and Germany that uniformly applies the same criteria to all persons. The requirements are similar in both countries, although the review process for applicants is varied. 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There are several key risks that can undermine the success of a retirement plan - longevity, inflation, asset allocation, fund withdrawal rate and last, but certainly not least, health care expenses. Underestimating the Risk Many people underestimate what their life expectancy is and therefore risk outliving their assets. The facts indicate that at least half of the population may outlive the average life expectancy. A successful lifetimeRead MoreThe Impact Of Aetna On Health Care1447 Words   |  6 PagesAetna: Aetna is a leading health care benefits firm in the United States covering about 28 million individuals under its insurance plans. The company has divested into many different sectors such as medical, pharmacy, dental, behavioral health, group life, long-term care and disability plans, and medical management capabilities. [5] Aetna providers services under three broad sections – health care, group insurance and large case pension. The health care division includes health and dental plans whichRead MorePersonal Financial764 Words   |  4 Pagestextbook.    Specifically address areas where you perceive there may be tension between current goals and longer-term goals. For example, living in the moment and purchasing what brings you immediate gratification versus long-term goals such as planning for retirement, purchasing life and/or long-term care insurance, contributing toward your childrens education, etc (whatever your long term goals happen to be).    Part 2 -10%- Specialized Financial Activities: Given your current life situation, whatRead MoreFp101 Week 1 Dq Answers1559 Words   |  7 Pagesmy income come from each month? How often do I receive income? Is it weekly? Is it bi-weekly? Is it monthly? What payments do I make on a regular basis? Do I have payments that are not made on a regular basis such as house insurance, car insurance, city and county land taxes, etc? Do I have any loans or payments that will be totally paid off in the near future? What is the total of my income versus my outgo each pay period or month? Do I have any major purchases that must be madeRead MoreGerman and Norwegian Elderly Care Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesGerman and Norwegian Elderly Care Key words care users, care workers, formal and family care provision, access to health care, barriers to health care, uninsured elderly, retirement homes Our elderly should be afforded the best possible care. This care should not only be financial but mentally and emotionally as well. They may not be able to care for themselves, but they have paid their dues, and took care of us now its our turn to take care of them. We were born into this world defenseless

The American and French Revolution Similarities and...

The American and French Revolution: Similarities and Differences During the late 18th century, two great revolutions occurred, the American Revolution and the French Revolution. Between the years of 1775-1783, The American Revolution was fought between the thirteen British colonies in North America and Great Britain, their mother country. Thomas Hutchinson, the royal governor of Massachusetts at the time, sums the reason for war best, saying ‘No middle ground exists between the supreme authority of Parliament and the total dependence of the colonies: it is impossible there should be two independent legislatures in one and the same state (Van Tyne 135). The American Revolution was effectively a conservative advancement, and was fought†¦show more content†¦This barred the bourgeoisie from progressing socially and politically. The semi-feudal system found in France was not only disliked by the bourgeoisie, but it was also resented by peasants and typically any person with an income. By 1789 many French people had become critical of the m onarchy, which led to a common bitterness towards royal absolutism among the French people. The people disliked this political theory because it argues that a solitary person should hold all the power in a government. The Frenchmen resented the increasing and irregular taxes, government intrusion in their personal lives, and the maltreatment of religious minorities. An uncontrollable national debt was created due to the huge saddle from the unbalanced system of taxation. On July 14, 1789, the storming of the Bastille immediately became proof that power no longer resided in the King, but in the people, in accordance with the theories developed by their philosophers of the eighteenth century. These great thinkers philosophies were influenced by the age of Enlightenment. The age of Enlightenment, while occurring simultaneously alongside the pre-war era, played a major role in shaping peoples negative newfound opinions of their country and their king. The age of Enlightenment is depicte d as an increase in the use of reasonableness to institute morals,Show MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Of The French Revolutions And The American Revolution709 Words   |  3 PagesThe Latin American Revolutions and the American Revolution both had similarities and differences. These revolutions were similar in a way, because they both were fighting against their suppressing powers and one difference was the way that unity shaped the way they gained independence. The Latin American revolutions occurred during the 18th- and 19th- centuries. These revolutions had multiple issues that shaped their independence and wars, such as the social structures of their colonies. 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The Tragedy Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki - 1422 Words

Papas 1 Hiroshima â€Å"For those who were there and who survived to recall the moment when man first turned on himself the elemental forces of his own universe, the first instant was pure light; blinding intense heat ... if there was a sound no one heard it. The initial flash spawned a succession of calamities. First came the heat. It lasted only an instant but was so intense that it melted roof tiles, fused the quartz crystals in granite blocks ... and incinerated humans so thoroughly that nothing remained except their shadows, burnt into asphalt pavements ... bare skin was burned up to two and a half miles away.† Picturing those scenes is a horrible thing. This is how survivors of the nuclear bombs dropped on the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki described the attack. This killing of civilians was definitely one of the biggest war crimes in human history. 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Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(74) " in a chosen specialised field during the class of his/her work as an RT\." Since X ray was discovered by Roentgen in 1895, its medical application has grown to be a fast and dynamic imaging mode. Today ‘s imagination section consists of an impressive array of diagnostic and curative devices from x-ray machines, CT Scan, PET Scan, additive gas pedal, which chiefly use ionising radiation for diagnosing and intervention of unwellnesss ; and with the add-on of ultrasound and MRI that use sound moving ridges and magnets for diagnosing alternatively of X raies. Therefore, radiology is considered as the window of the healthcare establishment and the radiologic engineers are the individuals behind these state-of-the art machines. We will write a custom essay sample on Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the x-ray section, one of the divisions of radiology section, the x-ray machines are used for diagnosings of unwellnesss. For 100 old ages the film-screen system has been the imaging system of pick. This system uses radiographic movie, screen and wet chemical science to bring forth an image merely like conventional picture taking. Every RT ‘s end is to supply high quality images for accurate diagnosing ; hence each measure is really critical. The RT must be equipped with cognition and accomplishments from anatomy, positioning and exposure techniques. One little error can endanger the image and outputs an unacceptable radiogram which entails repetition scrutiny that chiefly means extra radiation dosage to the patient. This is one of the disadvantages of a film-screen system wherein one time the movie has been processed ; there is no manner to change it. What you see is what you get. Fortunately, with the turning engineering of imaging modes came the debut of digital imaginati on which follow the same construct as digital cameras wherein brightness and contrast of the image can be changed and images can now be cropped. Its advantage compared to film-screen is really obvious, since images can be altered, repetition scrutinies, oftentimes is no longer necessary. The engineering is brilliant and its introduction has grown the wonder of every RT whether it is efficient compared to the traditional system. And of class, it is. However, as with every other engineering has its drawback. Since the new engineering chiefly uses computing machine and computer-aided equipments oftentimes do the full occupation. The inquiry lies wherein will the competency of the RT in footings of exposure technique factors be same as utilizing the conventional manner? Several international surveies stated that because of the convenience of the system, the RTs utilizing the machine oftentimes fail to see the criterion protocols in every technique choice because images can be manipulated subsequently. Change of images from clip to clip should non be a day-to-day scenario because use sometimes interfere accurate diagnosing. As of the research workers ‘ cognition, there are no known local related surveies in the diminution of RT ‘s competency in utilizing CR. One of the grounds may be this mode is still in the phase of debut in the Philippines and that its deduction is non yet intensively studied. But this does non halt the research workers to seek of happening out if there is so a diminution in RT ‘s competency with the new system. This survey is a comparative-correlational research in finding the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and CR on exposure technique factor choice. The chief aims of the research workers are to compare if there is a important difference in footings of radiographic competency in the RT who uses film-screen from CR and to find if the respondents profile and bureau has a important relationship in footings of radiographic competency. Base on the consequence of the survey, the research workers will be able to measure the indispensable acco mplishments needed for the profession. Technology so has helped us in many ways. However, without the competency of the professional manipulating the equipment is futile. This means that the engineer who has the exclusive duty of manning the state-of-the art equipment should non trust from engineering, alternatively engineering should trust on them. REVIEW OF LITERATURE This survey chiefly aims to compare the degree of radiographic competency on exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Exposure technique factor choice is an of import foundation for these two types of image receptor ( IR ) or imaging system. Image receptor is a device that converts X raies into seeable visible radiation. Competence should non change whether the radiologic engineer ( RT ) is utilizing the conventional or digital system, otherwise, it will get the better of the intensive survey of the exposure techniques during the undergraduate old ages. Furthermore, supplying appropriate exposure techniques is paramount in the profession since these techniques besides mean radiation dose on the portion of the patient. Harmonizing to Fauber A ; Johnston ( 2012 ) , the radiographer ‘s actions at the control panel straight determine the nature and the makeup of the x-ray beam. This means that the selected exposure technique fact or is straight relative to patient dosage. In add-on, it is the duty of the radiographer to larn the doctrine, factors and methods that minimizes ionising radiation exposure to the patient ( Callaway, 1996 ) . This besides means that an RT is supplying quality patient attention when he/she gives an adequate and necessary sum of radiation to the patient. Competence in Radiologic Technologist Klemp ( 1980 ) defined competency as â€Å" an implicit in feature of a individual which consequences in effectual and/or superior public presentation on the occupation. † A competent individual is imbued with the right cognition, accomplishments and attitude on a peculiar undertaking. Other writers define competency as â€Å" a bunch or related cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflects a major part of one ‘s occupation, which has a relationship in the public presentation on the occupation that can be measured with well-accepted criterions, and that can be improved with preparation and development ( Parry, 1996 ) . † In radiologic engineering, for illustration, an freshly licensed RT already possess cognitive and motor accomplishments at an entry degree, nevertheless, it can merely be enhanced through proper and consistent preparation in a chosen specialised field during the class of his/her work as an RT. You read "Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Knowledge, Skills, Attitude As mentioned, competency is a combination of cognition, accomplishments and attitudes. These constituents are indispensable as a whole because the absence of one constituent greatly affects 1s public presentation. Harmonizing to Dowd ( 1996 ) , cognition as portion of competency includes theories and constructs which were gained as a consequence of the experience of executing certain undertakings. Furthermore, in the field of radiologic engineering he added that cognition includes job-specific nomenclature, methods of forming information and an apprehension of rules and generalisations. On the other manus, Hans Reynold in 1928 defined accomplishment as combined mental and physical qualities which make it utile to industry. Knowledge if combined with accomplishments is of import in the workplace. Furthermore, one can non develop a accomplishment without cognition and at higher degrees, cognition are converted to accomplishments ( Klieme, 2004. ) The last constituent that determines competency is the attitude. The attitude such as beliefs, values, traits, and motivations is a portion of competency because it indicates the individual ‘s response to a peculiar event or state of affairs. Attitude refers to the sensitivity or mental province of individuals/users towards a merchandise, thoughts, or attributes. It besides implies on mental preparedness on a peculiar object or his properties toward an object or his penchants. ( Hulse A ; Dowd, 1996 ) . In the field of radiologic engineering, competency does non merely intend that the RT is equipped with the cognition and accomplishments but RT is besides imbued with the right attitude and judgement to supply each patient with quality attention On Radiographic Competence In the field of radiologic engineering, one facet of the profession requires competent accomplishments in radiographic exposure factor technique. The said competency is indispensable particularly in the diagnostic x-ray imagination, wherein exposure factors are the key to accurate diagnosing and supplying radiation dose to minimum degree. For 100 old ages, film-screen technique has been the method of pick in radiographic imagination ( Bushong 2009 ) . Film-screen system uses radiographic movies, radiographic intensifying screens and wet chemical science to do the image seeable. Furthermore, this conventional system should adhere to the criterions of the darkroom demands. Film-screen system has the same construct as a typical conventional camera. In a film-screen technique, radiologic engineer should be certain on the exposure factors to be applied in a peculiar exposure because improper choice of exposure factors can take to overexposure or underexposure of the movie. Overexposure or underexposure degrades image quality and hence, it can take to rejection of movie, therefore necessitates the demand for repetition scrutiny. Repeat scrutiny provides unneeded dosage to the patient and extra costs to the section. On the other manus, as with the other inventions in engineering, diagnostic imagination has shifted its class from conventional to digital. Computer applications are employed presents in diagnostic imagination modes. An appropriate analogy that is easy for most people to understand is the replacing of typical movie cameras with digital cameras: images can be taken, instantly examined, deleted, corrected, and cropped, and later sent to a web of computing machines. Computed skiagraphy system ( CR ) is an low-cost solution to digital imagination. Alternatively of the movie, CR employs an imaging home base to capture x-rays and makes it seeable when the home base is scanned into a computing machine and digitized it. Once the image is converted to informations, it can be recorded on a optical maser printed movie or can be transmitted and stored digitally. It has particular characteristics like use or sweetening of the image. Its specialised package is used to image sing with enhanced maps similar to film-screen system, such as contrast, brightness, and rapid climb. ( dicomsolutions.com, 2011 ) . Computed skiagraphy has practical proficient advantages compared with conventional techniques, such as broad contrast dynamic scope, post-processing functionality, multiple image screening options, and electronic transportation and file awaying possibilities. In this system, image quality can be achieved because of the post-processing techniques that are non possible with film-screen system. This system is convenient for the engineers because the RT can counterbalance for exposure technique inaccuracies by seting the technique during post-processing stage of the image instead than that clip of exposure. In radiologic engineering field, competency agencies that the RT is equipped with the cognition, accomplishments, attitude and judgement to supply each patient with quality attention. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is indispensable in the field of Radiologic Technology because RT is a fast growth profession ; RT trades with human lives and most of all, the RT course of study is non plenty to fix the pupils to be equipped with the accomplishments necessary for the profession particularly in the particular Fieldss of radiologic engineering. For an RT to go competent, he/she should hold undergone formal educational background followed by specialised preparation in their chosen field that takes months. As an RT, he/she should hold comprehensive cognition and accomplishments in patient attention, radiologic processs and radiation dose. Exposure Technique Factors Exposure technique factors influence and find the measure and quality of X ray to which the patient is exposed ( Bushong, 2009 ) . Kilovolt extremum ( kVp ) , milliamperage ( ma ) , exposure clip and source-to-image distance ( SID ) are the chief exposure technique factors. Furthermore, the said factors besides affect image quality. Milliamperage and exposure clip are the exposure factors that affects the measure of radiation. Milliampere is the step of x-ray tubing current, whereas milliampere-second ( ma ) is the green goods of exposure clip and exposure tubing current. They straight affect the optical denseness ( OD ) of the movie. Optical denseness is the overall darkening of the movie. The darker the movie, the higher figure of x-rays is given to the patient. The higher the figure of X raies that are the given to the patients, the greater the radiation dose they receive. Source-to-image receptor distance besides affects the measure of the radiation. The closer the patient is to the x-ray beginning, the higher dose the patient gets. For chest X ray, the standard SID is 72 inches, while for the other x-ray scrutinies, the standard SID is 40 inches. Kilovoltage extremum ( kVp ) , straight affects the quality of radiation. kVp is the maximal electric potency that travels across the x-ray tubing. Since kVp affec ts the quality of the x-ray beam, it besides affects the quality of the radiographic image. Kilovoltage straight affects contrast. Contrast is the fluctuation of densenesss on the movie. The advantage of utilizing higher kVp is that the patient will have lower dose of radiation because it will non be absorbed. However, higher kilovoltage produces more spread radiation, therefore increases the transmittal of X raies to the image receptor and degrades image quality. The best techniques to forestall spread radiation are utilizing beam restrictors such as collimator to filtrate low energy X raies and to cut-off low energy beams utilizing radiographic grids. By using beam restrictors and grid will heighten image contrast because spread radiation will be prevented. Furthermore, spread radiation will besides supply unneeded dosage to the patient. Therefore, exposure technique factor choice is indispensable. To supply quality radiogram and to restrict patients to radiation should be a end for every RT. Harmonizing to Bushong ( 2009 ) , RTs are required to utilize their accomplishments to bring forth the best possible image with individual exposure ( Bushong, 2009 ) . Otherwise, repeat scrutiny will supply unneeded radiation dosage to the patient. Therefore, it is necessary for the RT to be equipped with cognition and accomplishments to pull strings these exposure technique factors to bring forth coveted optical denseness, contrast, and image item on the finished radiogram. RT in Film-Screen System In conventional film-screen system, before each scrutiny, the radiologic engineer must choose the optimal radiographic technique factors- kVp, ma, and exposure clip ( Bushong 2009 ) . There are many considerations to find the value of each factor and they are complexly interrelated. Contrast and Density are the photographic factors of the radiogram and it functions to do the image seeable. Visibility of image is of import so that anatomical image will look for proper diagnosing. After each exposure, there is no manner to pull strings its contrast and denseness and that ‘s what makes film-screen system hard as unequal contrast or denseness entails repetition scrutiny. Since use of the image is non possible in this system, the RT should be certain with the technique factors prior to the exposure ; otherwise, misreckonings can ensue to underexposure or overexposure. In a film-screen system, overexposure and underexposure of the image is considered unacceptable because the of impor t constructions are non seeable and therefore it is non a tool for proper diagnosing. In other words, image quality is dependent on exposure factors. RT in Computed Radiography In CR system, image quality is non dependent on exposure factors. Digital image is unrelated to dose, kVp becomes less of import. Since, image quality is non dependent on exposure factors, image can be manipulated. In a conventional system, the movie serves as both image acquisition and show medium. With CR, the image home base serves as the acquisition medium but does non expose the image. Since these maps are separate in CR, the digital signal can be altered to counterbalance for underexposure or overexposure and an acceptable image can be displayed on the proctor ( Shephard, 2003 ) . With CR system, post-processing is possible that helps heighten image therefore leting the RT to change image contrast and denseness. Since image can be manipulated or modified, underexposure or overexposure is no longer a job with this system, because it can normally salve fluctuations from the optical technique, whereas proficient mistake with a screen-film system frequently requires a repetition ex posure ( Pizzutiello, 1993 ; Cesar, 1997 ) . Therefore, with CR, proficient mistakes are eliminated because of exposure discrepancies that are possible with salvageable consequences, presuming equal kilovoltage is used ( Ballinger, 1999 ) . On Assessment of RT Competence In order to cognize the competency of a professional, assessment plays a critical function. Assessment is of import so as to measure if the RT is still competent to make the occupation. Since we are in the epoch of rapid engineering, it may come to a point that we will merely set our assurance on computing machines instead than our competency. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is an discernible ability and it can be measured against set of criterions. Appraisal of competency is a combined cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflect the current work pattern. Furthermore, it can bridge the spread between workplace demands and criterion. Choice of exposure technique factor is of utmost importance because RT trades with exposing patients to radiation. Exposure technique factor is tantamount to the quality and the measure of radiation that exits the patient, hence, the RT should be precise in giving exposure technique factors. Supplying appropriate radiation dosage is necessary to forestall the patients from the jeopardies of the ionizing radiation, hence anterior to the exposure of the patient, accurate exposure techniques should be practiced. The issue of supplying accurate techniques lies in a digital system, wherein images can be manipulated during post-processing. Harmonizing to Fredrick Walker ( medicalimagingmag, 2008 ) , a radiologic engineer at Sharp Rees-Stealy in San Diego, CA, he pointed out if the image is excessively dark, we can pull strings the image utilizing post-processing techniques like windowing or shadowing or to set contrast without holding to reiterate the scrutiny. Furthermore, since image can be manipulated during post-processing, it can promote complacence instead than truth with exposure techniques which can ensue in overexposed or underexposed images ( Medicalxray, 2010 ) . In add-on, harmonizing to Enfinger ( 2012 ) , that it is true that the image can be adjusted, nevertheless, it is non recommended because the natural information from the initial exposure will incorporate information from spread radiation that degrades image quality even if it is manipulated subsequently. Harmonizing to Shephard ( 2003 ) , it is likely that digital imagination will replace conventional screen-film skiagraphy in many modern medical imagination centres in the close hereafter. It has already been stated that even if the image can be manipulated during post-processing, this should non be a pattern because somehow it can deteriorate image quality which consequences in inaccurate diagnosing. One retrospective analysis of patients who had undergone lumbar spinal column radiogram for the diagnosing of osteoporosis comparison diagnostic truth with screen-film versus digital skiagraphy. The writers suspected that bone mineral loss could be more easy seeable with screen-film imaging due to the fact that image contrast can non be adjusted with this mode, whereas CR ( and DR ) images undergo digital post-processing techniques to maximise contrast. This could ensue in misdirecting consequences that confound diagnostic strength in osteoporosis. Therefore, this is a challenge now for the RT to keep their competency amidst the assistance of engineering. Competence of RT is the foundation of supplying quality patient attention by supplying appropriate radiation dosage for accurate diagnosing. Synthesis The focal point of the literature and surveies cited was the radiographic competency of RT between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy and it is through this survey that the research workers can place and compare whether their competency will differ based on the image receptor that is being used. In add-on, competency in exposure technique factors is indispensable because this will besides intend radiation dosage to the patient. It has already been affirmed that the construct has been there for the past few old ages and hence the present survey is surely non a new construct. Nevertheless, the research workers deemed it necessary to carry on a survey measuring the competency of the RT for the benefit of the establishment where they belong because the research worker wants to suggest a professional plan that could beef up the foundation of the RTs ‘ . It is besides of import for the school to offer the plans since about the RT from the different infirmaries in Davao City a re merchandises of this establishment. This survey is similar to the other surveies cited in this subdivision because it stated on the effects of digital imagination on the radiographic competency of the RTs. Furthermore, old surveies dealt with the effects of image use on image quality and it indirectly link to the competency of the RTs. Conceptual Model In this position, the research workers attempted to measure the degree of radiographic competency of the RTs in footings of cognition, accomplishments and attitude. Through measuring the competency of the RTs, the research workers are able to find the degree of radiographic competency ; their strengths and failing of radiographic techniques. On the other manus, the research workers identified the factors that can impact their competency, such as the respondents ‘ demographic profile in footings of age, sex, figure of old ages in service and educational attainment and the profile of establishment such as bureau and its categorization are besides considered. To hold a graphic image of the survey, Figure 1 served as the research paradigm SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Independent Variables Dependent Variables Factors Respondents ‘ Profile Age Number of old ages in service Agency Private Public Image Processing Film-Screen System Computed Radiography Degree of Radiographic Competence Cognition Skills Attitude Figure 1 Conventional Diagram demoing the relationship between the independent and dependent variables STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The survey aims to compare the degree of radiographic competency in utilizing a film-screen system and computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice ; specifically it aims to reply the undermentioned inquiries: What is the respondents ‘ profile in footings of: Age Number of old ages in service What is the bureau of the health care establishments in footings of: Private Public What is the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in utilizing film-screen system on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude What is the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in utilizing computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important relationship between the respondents ‘ profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Hypothesis There is no important relationship between the respondents ‘ profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Age Number of old ages in service There is no important relationship between the bureau of the healthcare establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Public Private There is no important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude DEFINITION OF TERMS Accuracy- refers to the grade of conformance of a measured or calculated value to its existent or specific value. Computed Radiography- is an low-cost solution of digital imagination system that uses a photostimulable phosphor as the image receptor. Digital Radiography- an all-digital technique in which x-ray soaking up is quantified by assignment of a figure to the sum of x-rays making the sensor ; this is besides called as cassetteless system. Exposure- step of ionisation produced in air by X raies or gamma beams. Exposure Factor Selection. It is the factor set by the radiographer ( kVp, and ma ) to bring forth visibleness of constructions in the radiogram. Film Screen System- is the conventional image receptor that uses radiographic movie, radiographic escalating screen and wet chemical science to visualise the image in the radiogram. Image receptor- is a device that converts x-ray beam into seeable image. Degree of Radiographic Competence- refers to the step of the degree of competency of the radiologic engineer in accomplishing ends and aims in supplying quality radiogram with minimal radiation dosage to patients. Private hospital- is a infirmary owned by a net income company or a non-profit organisation and in private funded through payment for medical services by patients themselves. Public hospital- is a infirmary which is owned by the authorities and have authorities support. Significance OF THE STUDY This survey seeks to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy ; and to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between respondents ‘ profile and bureau. Based on the consequences of this survey, the research workers can place the strengths and failings of the RTs and if it shows important diminution in the competency of the RT in the CR system, the research workers will suggest an enhancement plan for the professionals. The said plan will besides be a portion of the Continuing Professional Education ( CPE ) , and it will be added to the CPE units needed to regenerate RT licences. This survey will be most helpful to the radiology section of the infirmary to heighten Health Care Delivery by restricting radiation dosage to the patients. Furthermore, finding the attitude toward the imagination system will assist the section to reassess the mental and the emotional province of the RT ‘s. Mental and Emotional province of the RT are of import since they are covering with patients. It is the duty of the RT to render quality patient attention by supplying appropriate radiation dosage. Furthermore, this survey will besides be of most helpful to the schools offering radiologic engineering as to escalate the foundation of the pupils in footings of exposure technique factors. Based on the consequence of the survey, there may be a demand to revise the course of study to further escalate the accomplishments of the RT pupils. Computed Radiography is non a portion of the standard RT course of study, and it may be one factor that affects the diminution of competency on the portion of the professional every bit good as the pupils. Chapter 2 Methodology This part discusses the research design used, the research venue where the survey will be conducted, the description of samples and the sampling technique, the instrument used, the inside informations of process and the statistical analysis to reply the research job. Research Design The survey will use a comparative-correlational research. To find the difference between the degree of competency in film-screen system and computed skiagraphy, comparative survey will be used. Furthermore, to find the relationship between the respondents profile and bureau between the degrees of the radiographic competency, correlational design will be employed. Puting The survey will be conducted from the selected infirmaries in Davao, Digos and Tagum City using either film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. The infirmaries utilizing film-screen system are the undermentioned: Alexian Brothers Health and Wellness Center, Km. 4, McArthur Highway, Matina, Davao City ; Davao Regional Hospital, located at Apokon, Tagum City 8112 and Davao Del Sur Provincial Hospital which is located at Lapu-lapu St. Digos, City Davao Del Sur. On the other manus, the infirmaries utilizing the computed skiagraphy system are the undermentioned: Davao Doctors Hospital ( DDH ) , E. Quirino Ave. , Davao City ; Southern Philippines Medical Center ( SPMC ) , J.P Laurel Ave. , Bajada, Davao City and Davao Medical School Foundation and Hospital ( DMSF ) , Medical Drive, Bajada, Davao City. Participants The respondents of the survey are the Registered Radiologic Technologists and Associate X-ray Engineers coming from the selected infirmaries in Davao City using a film-screen and computed skiagraphy system. Furthermore, the qualified respondents should be at least six months in service at the clip of the rating. Measures The research appraisal is composed of four parts. The first portion of the appraisal consists of inquiries refering to the profile of the respondents and infirmary. The 2nd portion consists of inquiries on the respondents ‘ degree of cognition on exposure technique factor choice. The inquiries are specifically structured in such a manner that assesses the respondents ‘ acquired cognition on technique choice. Based on the consequences, the attitude in footings of respondent ‘s response in both film-screen and CR system will be categorized as follows depending on their average mark: Points Obtained Qualitative Description 30-25 Very High 20-24 High 15-19 Reasonably High 10- 14 Low 13- 0 Very Low Interpretation The aforesaid appraisal signifier that will be used as instrument of the survey is constructed and designed by the research workers as to mensurate the basic cognition in exposure technique factor choice regardless of the imagination system used. Its cogency and dependability was attested by experts of the field. Furthermore, the 3rd portion of the appraisal is an existent rating wherein the respondents are observed during x-ray scrutiny. They will be assessed in the existent choice of the exposure technique factor and the result of the image. The said appraisal is a point system ; the appropriate the RT performs in technique factor choice and the acceptable the image, the higher the points. Based on the consequences, the degree of radiographic competency in footings of respondent ‘s accomplishments will be categorized as follows depending on their average mark: Points Obtained Qualitative Description 10 Very high degree of radiographic accomplishments 7-9 High degree of radiographic accomplishments 4-6 Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments 1-3 Low degree of radiographic accomplishments Low degree of radiographic accomplishments means that the respondents were non able to execute the appropriate exposure techniques and came up with an unacceptable radiogram. Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were non able to execute appropriate exposure techniques and came up with a passable radiogram. High degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram but did non execute appropriate exposure techniques. Last, really high degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram and performed appropriate exposure techniques. The appraisal is limited in the x-ray scrutiny of the skull and thorax. Furthermore, the last portion of the appraisal is consists of inquiries sing the attitude of the respondents. The respondents ‘ attitude will be assessed base on their attitudes about the imagination system and its facets. The research workers will use the Likert Scale wherein the respondents are asked to bespeak a grade of understanding and dissension with each of a series of statement. The consequences will be categorized as follows depending on their average mark: Points Obtained Qualitative Description 5 Strongly Agree 4 Agree 3 Indifferent 2 Disagree 1 Strongly differ In add-on, the research workers will utilize purposive sampling as to measure up the respondents for the survey. Ethical Consideration Research blessing will be obtained through the research reappraisal section or human resources section from the six infirmaries. To promote voluntary engagement of the RTs ‘ in this survey, the cover missive of the intent and nature of the survey, informations confidentiality, and research support will be attached. The namelessness of the respondents will be ensured. Procedures 1. Letter inquiring for permission. 2. After the blessing of the proposal of this survey, the research worker will organize with the human resource section and the radiology section caputs. Once approved by radiology caputs, the research workers will get down the rating procedure. The research workers will aim two months in assemblage of informations get downing October 1- November 1. Based on the consequence, the research workers will so place the area/s of troubles by the respondents and so proposed an enhancement plan for the professional concentrating on the failings identified. Datas Analysis The undermentioned statistical methods will be utilized for the analysis of the informations and reading of the consequences: To reply the undermentioned jobs, obtaining Frequency, Mean and Percentage will be employed. What is the respondents ‘ profile in footings of: Age Number of old ages in service What is the bureau of infirmary in footings of: Private Public 3. What is the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in utilizing film-screen system on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude 4. What is the degree of the respondents ‘ radiographic competency in utilizing computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude The Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation will be used to correlate the respondents ‘ degree of radiographic competency and the ( 1 ) respondents ‘ profile and ( 2 ) profile of the healthcare establishment. It seeks to reply the undermentioned jobs: 5. Is there a important relationship between the respondents ‘ profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Is there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude Last, T-test will be used to compare the degree of respondents ‘ competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy: Is there a important difference in the degree of competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings of: Cognition Skills Attitude The processing will be done with the usage of SPSS. Scope and Restriction The chief intent of the survey is to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the radiographic competency of radiologic engineers on exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. Furthermore, the research workers will besides seek to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between radiologic engineers ‘ profile and bureau. The research workers will use the three competences viz. : Knowledge, Skills and Attitude. The survey is limited merely to six health care establishments in Davao, Digos and Tagum City with the following profile: Name of Hospital Image Receptor Agency Alexian Brothers Wellness Center Film-Screen System Private Davao Doctors Hospital Computed Radiography Private Davao Del Sur Prov. Hospital Film-Screen System Public Davao Regional Hospital Film-Screen System Public DMSF Computed Radiography Private SPMC Computed Radiography Public Furthermore, the survey is limited to skull and chest scrutiny. Since the survey discusses the quality and measure of radiation, nevertheless, it does non cover the radiation dose the patient receives. The survey merely focuses on the image quality based on the exposure techniques -kVp, ma and SID- selected by the respondents. Appendix 1: Communication Letter Raymund CS. Del Val Davao Doctors Hospital President Thru: Mirasol B. Tiu Director Human Resources Department Beloved Sir/Madam: We would wish to seek permission to carry on our survey in this establishment specifically in the Radiology Department. Our survey is entitled â€Å" Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure Technique Factor Selection † . The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers ‘ using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. We assured that this information will be held in confidential and will be used merely to broaden the position of our survey. Your blessing on this affair will be extremely appreciated. Respectfully Yours, Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King Defensor, RRT Researcher Researcher DDC- RT Department DDC- RT Department Theresa T. Eguia, RRT Research worker DDC- RT Department Noted By: Joshua P. Sero Dr. Lucila T. Lupo RT Program Chair Head of Research Dept. Appendix 2: COVER LETTER Dear Respondent, We are the module of Davao Doctors College- Radiologic Technology Department and soon carry oning a survey entitled â€Å" Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure Technique Factor Selection † The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers ‘ using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. Enclosed with this missive is a brief questionnaire that asks a assortment of inquiries. The questionnaire is composed of five parts. First portion is your personal profile. Second, is your establishments ‘ profile. The 3rd portion is a quiz-type that measures your cognition about exposure factor techniques on skull and chest scrutiny. In the 4th portion, we, the research workers will detect you based on your existent choice of the exposure techniques during the x-ray scrutiny. And in conclusion, we will be inquiring sing your attitudes and positions toward your current occupation as an RT. Your replies and responses are confidential and will be used for research purposes merely. We hope you will take a few proceedingss to finish this questionnaire. Without the aid of people like you, research on radiographic competency could non be conducted. Your engagement is voluntary and there is no punishment if you do non take part. If you have any inquiries or concerns about finishing the questionnaire or about take parting in this survey, you may reach us at 222-0853 local 107 or 09161932693 or you can e-mail us at danna_rrt @ yahoo.com. Sincerely, Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King C. Defensor, RRT Researcher Researcher DDC- RT Department DDC- RT Department Theresa T. Eguia, RRT Research worker DDC- RT Department Appendix 3: Samples of Questionnaires Degree of Competence in Exposure Technique Factor Selection Evaluation Form Part I: Respondent ‘s Profile Name ( Optional ) : ______________________________ Rating: _____________ Sexual activity: ______________________ Date: ______________ Age: _________ Number of Years in Service: ________ Part II: Healthcare Institution ‘s Profile: Type of Institution: ( ) Primary ( ) Secondary ( ) Tertiary Type of Imaging System: ( ) Film Screen ( ) Computed Radiography Part III: Cognition SKULL RADIOGRAPHY Thymine F In skiagraphy of skull, particularly for paediatric and geriatric patients, short exposure clip is required. 2. Use of grid is required in skull skiagraphy 3. In skull skiagraphy, wherein a smaller field size is required exposure factors may hold to be increased. 4. In skull imagination, a 15 % addition in kvp should be accompanied by half decrease in mom. 5. Skull skiagraphy requires a high contrast image, which requires a high kvp choice. 6. When utilizing a grid, it may non be necessary to increase the exposure factor. 7. When exposure factor is done with the usage of bucky, it is of import to see an addition of ma to keep the movie denseness. 8. In skull skiagraphy, the usage of medium kVp and short exposure clip and the highest possible ma is recommended. 9. It is necessary to increase kVp when an x-ray requisition indicates status such as: hydrocephaly, osteochondroma, and Paget ‘s disease. 10. A sidelong skull place will necessitate lesser exposure than PA skull X ray. 11. When tube angulation is applied during skull x-ray, there is an addition in exposure severally. 12. 40 inches distance is used during skull skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness. 13. Skull with injuries due to vehicular accident will necessitate lesser exposure factor. 14. ma is the factor of pick for skull process. 15. Skull process with air spreads due to trauma, kVp is the factor of pick. CHEST RADIOGRAPHY Thymine F 1. Aerated tissue such as lungs require high sum of exposure to enter appropriate degree of denseness. 2. The thickness of the thorax is normally measured with callipers as a usher to the proper ma choice. 3. In portable thorax X ray, the ma value is decreased. 4. Pathological status of the thorax may non be taken into history in gauging the electromotive force value. 5. To find farther the pathology emphysema the usage of lower kVp exposure requires. 6. By and large, kV should be high plenty to ensue in sufficient contrast to show the many sunglassess of grey needed to visualise the finer lung markers. 7. Chest skiagraphy requires the usage of high mas and long exposure clip to minimise the opportunity of gesture and attendant loss of unsharpness. 8. Chest transcending 30cm in thickness requires an addition non merely in ma but besides in kVp 9. In pleural gush, normal thorax technique will ensue in underexposed image. 10. 72 inches distance is officially use during chest skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness. 11. In chest x-ray utilizing air spread technique, normally gives lower patient dosage. 12. Chest is considered as a low contrast anatomy. 13. In patients with pneumonia, it is ever appropriate to diminish exposure techniques. 14. In patients with pneumothorax, it is ever appropriate to increase exposure techniques. 15. By and large, as grid ratio additions, patient dosage will diminish. Part IV: Skills Exposure Technique Factor Selection Mark Did the engineer usage calliper to mensurate the thickness of the portion? ( to use appropriate kVp ) 1 point. 2. Make the engineer suitably use radiographic grids? 1 point. 3. Make the engineer collimate the portion of involvement? ( collimation reduces spread radiation therefore provides high contrast image ) 1 point. 4. Make the engineer usage appropriate source-to-image distance ( SID ) ? 1 point. Radiographic Image Is the radiogram acceptable in footings of contrast? 2 points. ( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable ) Is the radiogram acceptable in footings of denseness? 2 points. ( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable ) Is the image decently collimated? 1 point Is there a presence of image fuzz? ( Long exposure clip contributes to image fuzz ) 1 point. Entire Part V: Attitude For Film-Screen user: Film-Screen System Strongly Agree Agree Indifferent Disagree Strongly Disagree 1. Film-Screen imagination system still is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram. 2. Film-Screen imagination system gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system. 3. Film-Screen imagination system is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique. 4. Since I can non pull strings the image in a Film-Screen system, I should be precise in choosing kVp and ma in every scrutiny. 5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 7. I normally choose high exposure factors in Film-Screen. 8. Collimation is really of import in Film-Screen. 9. I think film-screen bounds patient radiation dosage. 10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is great in film-screen system. For Computed Radiography user: Computed Radiography Strongly Agree Agree Indifferent Disagree Strongly Disagree 1. CR is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram. 2. CR gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system. 3. CR is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique. 4. Since I can pull strings the image in a CR system, sometimes I am non certain in choice of kVp and ma. 5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies. 7. I normally choose high exposure factors in CR. 8. There is no demand for collimation since cropping is available during station processing in CR. 9. I think CR bounds patient radiation dosage. 10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is lesser in CR. Appendix 4: Mention Books Ballinger, PW, Frank ED: Merill ‘s Atlas of Radiographic Positions and Radiologic Procedures, Volume 3, 9th erectile dysfunction. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1999 Bloom BJ, erectile dysfunction. Taxonomy of Educational Aims: Cognitive Domain. New York, NY: David McKay Company ; 1956. Bontrager, K, Lampignano, J: Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy 7th erectile dysfunction. Singapore, Mosby, 2010. Bushong, SC: Radiologic Science for Engineers: Physicss, Biology, and Protection, 9th erectile dysfunction. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 2001. Callaway, W, Gurley, L: Introduction to Radiologic Techology. Mosby-Year Book Inc. 1996. Cesar LJ: Computed skiagraphy: its impact on radiographers. Radiologic Technology 68:225, 1997. Dowd, SB. The profession ‘s hereafter: leading development. Radiologic Technology. 1992 Fauber TL: Radiographic Imaging and Exposure. ST. Louis, Mosby, 2000. Fauber, TL A ; Johnston, J: Necessities of Radiographic Physics and Imaging. Mosby. 2012. Klieme, E. et al.The Development of National Educational Standards: An Expertness, Berlin: Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung. 2004. Lauer OG. Principles and Practices of the College-Based Radiography Program. St. Louis, Mo: Warren Green Inc ; 1984. More, C. Skill and the English Working Class, 1870-1914, London: Croom Helm. ( 1980 ) Piaget, J. La psychologie de l’intelligence, Paris: Colin.1947. Pizzutiello RJ, Cullinan JE: Introduction to Medical Radiographic Imaging. Rochester, NY, Eastman Kodak Company, 1993. Shephard, C: Radiographic Image Production and Manipulation. Nashville, Tenessee, 2003. Yumul, R. Introduction to Radiologic Technology with Science, Technology and Society. Manila. 2012 Diaries Siddiqui, Nazlee A ; Khandaker, Shahjahan. Comparison of Services of Public, Private and Foreign Hospitals from the Perspective of Bangladeshi Patients. 2007. Balasubramanian, Siva K. and Wagner A. Kamakura, August. â€Å" Measuring Consumer attitudes towards the market topographic point with tailored interview † , Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 26. 1989. Unpublished Thesiss Pabunag, Richard et Al. â€Å" Level of Professional Competence of Radiologic Technologist in Davao City on Factor Selection of X-rays of Skull, Extremities and Chest † . Davao City. 2008. Online Beginnings Enfinger, Jeremy. Subjects in Radiography. April 22, 2012 Medicalxray.com.cn July 12/2010 Dicomsolutions.com ( www.discomsolutions/ds-digital-radiology/acquire.html ) . 2011 Dilulio, Renee. CR versus DR: Which is the Techs Choice? ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medical imagingmag.com/issues/articles/2008-05_02.asp. May 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.libraryindex.com/pages/1831/Health-Care-Institutions-TYPES HOSPITALS.html † Health Care Institutions – Types of Hospitals.2007 Appendix 5: BUDGETARY Requirement BUDGETARY Requirement Manpower ( Representation fee/ Burden fee ) Statistician 3,000 Research Adviser 4500 ( Proposal, Final ) Validators of Research Instruments ( 3 ) 900 Meals and bites 1500 Subtotal P 9,900 Transportation system Allowance: 2 Calendar months 5,330 Office Supplies ( booklets, paper, cartridge, ink ) 1000 A? of the Contingency Fund 1,623 TOTAL P 17,853 How to cite Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples